Accessibility of Nonformal Education: Between Student Participation and Flexibility of Learning Time
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58421/gehu.v5i3.1667Keywords:
nonformal education, Accessibility, Participation, FlexibilityAbstract
Nonformal Education offers distinct levels of accessibility compared to formal Education, heavily relying on student inclusion and flexible schedules to facilitate the learning process. However, the specific combined impact of active student involvement and schedule flexibility on overall educational accessibility remains underexplored. This study aims to examine how student involvement and time flexibility simultaneously influence the accessibility of nonformal Education. Using a quantitative research design, data from respondents were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA (F-test). The findings revealed a statistically significant combined effect of student involvement and time flexibility on nonformal education accessibility, Fcount = 11.023 > Ftable = 1.532, p < 0.05. It is concluded that nonformal Education becomes significantly more accessible when it prioritizes active student participation and flexible scheduling. These results imply that nonformal education providers should foster mutual agreements on the timing and location of learning to maximize student comfort, engagement, and overall educational accessibility.
Downloads
References
S. P. Robbins, T. A. Judge, and T. T. Campbell, Organizational behaviour. Pearson education, 2010.
M. Condor and M. Chira, “Personality Crisis in Adolescence,” Euromentor J., vol. 2, no. 2, p. 1, 2011.
A. Saepudin, A. S. Akhyadi, and I. Saripah, “Training Model to Improve Manager Performance in Nonformal Education Units in Improving the Quality of Education Services,” J. Nonform. Educ., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 210–217, 2020.
D. Avrilianda, “Sumbangsih Pendidikan Non Formal Melalui e-Branding Pariwisata Untuk Keberdayaan Masyarakat Banyuwangi,” J. Pendidik. Nonform., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2025.
M. H. Alif, A. Pujiati, and A. Yulianto, “The Effect of Teacher Competence, Learning Facilities, and Learning Readiness on Students’ Learning Achievement Through Learning Motivation of Grade 11 Accounting Lesson in Brebes Regensy Vocational High School,” J. Econ. Educ., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 151–161, 2020.
N. Berlian VA, “Faktor-faktor yang Terkait dengan Rendahnya Pencapaian Wajib Belajar Pendidikan Dasar 9 Tahun,” J. Pendidik. dan Kebud., vol. 17, no. 1, p. 43, 2011, doi: 10.24832/jpnk.v17i1.6.
R. A. Rahma, Z. Zulkarnain, E. S. Desyanty, and S. Wahyuni, “The Role of Community Learning Center (CLC) in Providing Nonformal Education Services Based on Entrepreneurship,” J. Nonform. Educ., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 109–116, 2019.
M. Arbarini, A. Rifai, and S. E. Mulyono, “Model literasi berbasis entrepreneurship dalam peningkatan ekonomi produktif perempuan istri nelayan tradisional,” J. Nonform. Educ. Community Empower., 2018.
A. Kedrayate, “Nonformal education: Is it relevant or obsolete,” Int. J. Business, Humanit. Technol., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 1–5, 2012.
E. M. Tamba, H. Krisnani, and A. S. Gutama, “Pelayanan Sosial Bagi Remaja Putus Sekolah,” Share Soc. Work J., vol. 4, no. 2, 2014, doi: 10.24198/share.v4i2.13077.
S. Hase and C. Kenyon, “From Andragogy to Heutagogy,” ultiBASE. 2000.
R. Prakapas and J. Devenytė, “The Accessibility of Learning Tools for Nonformal Adult Self-Education in Entrepreneurship,” Soc. Stud., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 376–389, 2014.
S. O. Gunga, “Environmental and social factors in the accessibility of nonformal education to physically disabled persons in Kenya,” 2002.
M. Fagence, Citizen participation in planning, vol. 19. Elsevier, 2014.
M. da G. Gohn, “Nonformal education, civil society participation and councils structures in the schools,” Ens. Avaliação e Políticas Públicas em Educ., vol. 14, pp. 27–38, 2006.
D. S. W. Prasongko and S. R. Sari, “Dampak Pembangunan Flyover Manahan Solo Ditinjau Dari Aksesibilitas Pengguna Jalan,” J. Arsit. ARCADE, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 216–221, 2019.
M. E. Boon, K. Geurs, and B. van Wee, “A. Capita Selecta,” Jaarversl. 2008–2009 van het Leids Cytol. en Pathol. Lab., p. 11, 2002.
M. Magribi, “Geografi Transportasi,” Yogyakarta Fak. Pasca Sarjana. UGM, 1999.
K. A. Bollen, J. S. Long, and T. T. Policy, “Amajida, FD (2016). Kreativitas Digital Dalam Masyarakat Risiko Perkotaan: Studi Tentang Ojek Online ‘GO-JEK’ Di Jakarta. Informasi, 46 (1), 115-128. Aminah, S.(2006). Transportasi Publik dan Aksesibilitas Masyarakat Perkotaan. Surabaya: Universitas Airla,” Policy, vol. 49, pp. 93–104.
M. R. Ibrahim, H. Cangara, and M. Y. Amar, “Aksesibilitas Informasi Global Di Kalangan Masyarakat Pada 2 Desa Di Kecamatan Belopa Kabupaten Luwu (Studi Tentang Penggunaan Media Online Di Daerah Pedesaan),” KAREBA J. Ilmu Komun., pp. 282–291, 2020.
E. R. Onainor, “済無No Title No Title No Title,” vol. 1, pp. 105–112, 2019.
W. F. Theobald, Global tourism. Routledge, 2012.
K. Lee, “Rethinking the accessibility of online higher education: A historical review,” Internet High. Educ., vol. 33, no. 15–23, 2017.
R. Finnie and R. E. Mueller, “The backgrounds of Canadian youth and access to post-secondary education: New evidence from the Youth in Transition Survey,” Who goes, pp. 79–107, 2008.
H. Struggles, “The Adoption of Digital Marketing in Financial,” Serv. Under Cris., vol. 1, 2009.
S. L. Andrew and J. A. Orodho, “Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Pupil’s Access to Education in Informal Settlements: A Case of Kibera, Nairobi County, Kenya,” Int. J. Educ. Res., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1–16, 2014.
J. M. Echols, “dan Hassan Shadily. 2005,” Kamus Ingg. Indones.
M. Ibrahim, “Gerakan Makassar Tidak Rantasa,” Equilib. J. Pendidik. Sosiol., vol. 3, no. 2, p. 60611, 2016.
A. P. Utomo and K. P. Tehupeiory, “Evaluasi pelatihan dengan metode Kirkpatrick analysis,” J. Telemat., vol. 9, no. 2, p. 37, 2014.
A. Banerjee and S. Chaudhury, “Statistics without tears: Populations and samples,” Ind. Psychiatry J., vol. 19, no. 1, p. 60, 2010.
D. Bertram, “Likert scales,” Retrieved Novemb., vol. 2, no. 10, 2007.
P. Roberts and H. Priest, “Reliability and validity in research,” Nurs. Stand., vol. 20, no. 44, pp. 41–46, 2006.
E. Y. Sutopo and A. Slamet, Statistik Inferensial. Penerbit Andi, 2017.
R. H. C. Lopes, I. D. Reid, and P. R. Hobson, “The two-dimensional Kolmogorov-Smirnov test,” 2007.
K. S. Im, “Robustifying Glejser test of heteroskedasticity,” J. Econom., vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 179–188, 2000.
G. D. Garson, Partial Least Squares: Regression & Structural Equation Models. 2016.
I. Veza, I., Ghazali, I., Putra, A., Ascencio, R. L., Muhammad, M., & Irianto, “How ChatGPT Affects Education Landscape: Effects of ChatGPT on Higher Education Accessibility and Inclusivity. In International Conference on Advancing and Redesigning Education,” Singapore Springer Nat. Singapore., vol. 569–579, 2023.
B. B. Wiyono, A. Rasyad, and Maisyaroh, “The Effect of Collaborative Supervision Approaches and Collegial Supervision Techniques on Teacher Intensity Using Performance-Based Learning,” SAGE Open, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 21582440211013780, 2021.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of General Education and Humanities

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
















