The Influence of Christian Religious Education in the Church, School, and Family on the Spirituality of Christian Adolescents in Kupang

Hasudungan Sidabutar; Rita; Maxy Lak'apu; Ismail E. Natonis; Leddy Neparassi

doi:10.58421/gehu.v5i6.2266

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58421/gehu.v5i6.2266

Authors

Hasudungan Sidabutar Institut Agama Kristen Negeri Kupang
Rita Institut Agama Kristen Negeri Kupang
Maxy Lak'apu Institut Agama Kristen Negeri Kupang
Ismail E. Natonis Institut Agama Kristen Negeri Kupang
Leddy Neparassi Institut Agama Kristen Negeri Kupang

Keywords:

Adolescent Spirituality, Christian Religious Education, Church, Family, School

Abstract

This study examines how Christian religious education in the church, school, and family influences the spirituality of Christian adolescents in Kupang City amid a contemporary values crisis. A quantitative explanatory survey was conducted among 388 Christian students aged 16–18 from public senior high schools and vocational schools in Kupang, selected through proportionate stratified random sampling from a population of 19,352 students. Data were collected using a five-point Likert questionnaire whose items were tested for validity and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha 0.797–0.865) and analyzed using descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests, simple regression, and multiple linear regression. Christian religious education in the church (beta = 0.150), school (beta = 0.189), and family (beta = 0.579) each had a positive and significant partial effect on adolescent spirituality (p < 0.001). Simultaneously, the three contexts explained 69.9% of the variance in spirituality (F = 297.169; R² = 0.699). The family was the most dominant predictor, explaining 65.7% of the variance on its own, while the church and the school played complementary roles. A Glejser test showed mild heteroscedasticity for the family variable, so its coefficient should be interpreted with caution. The findings support an ecosystem model of faith education in which family, church, and school work together. The study recommends strengthening parents as primary faith educators through family worship, faith conversation, and moral example, positioning the church and the school as partners, and extending future research to peer influence, digital media, and mixed methods.

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